Structural adaptations refer to the changes in the structure of a living organism that enables it to adapt better to its environment. Feathers were probably first adaptations for tactile sense or regulating temperature. 5kg, while females are lighter, weighing between 800g and 1. Anatomical adaptations. Activity. They use their tongues to lick up grass seeds. 5. As a result, their species can populate, reproduce and grow. On either side of the snout are long whiskers which help them to find their way around. 2015) and spiders (Nørgaard et al. We will describe some examples of behavioral adaptations in animals and explain how behavioral adaptations aid their survival or their ability to reproduce within a specific environment. Figure 2: Structural adaptations in plants: reduced leaves called spines in desert plants (left). A change or adjustment that results in an organism or species becoming better suited to its environment. The bilby’s coat is light grey on top, and a lighter grey-white on the undersides. Example: Camouflage of several insects and other organisms are behavioral adaptations that help them to survive. AWC successfully reintroduced the species to Sydney’s North Head where they were locally-extinct. Download FREE teacher-made resources covering 'Behavioural Adaptation'. Here are some examples. Basic description. Bird calls and migrations, for example, are behavioral adaptations. Greater bilbies are commonly known as bilbies due to the lesser bilby now being extinct. they keep to them selves. comprises a teachers guide and interactive quiz. There are three types of adaptation: structural, behavioral, and physiological. The lesser bilby — the greater bilby’s cousin — disappeared sometime in the mid-20th century. The Bilby, when it is hot, burrows. •••. Adaptive traits can improve an animal's ability to find food, make a safer home, escape predators, survive cold or heat or lack of water. Although animals can adapt to climatic stressors, the response mechanisms that ensure survival are also detrimental to performance (Pragna et al. Behavioral adaptations are actions that animals take to survive in their environments. The Bilby. Unlike air-breathers, water-breathing animals are in constant intimate contact with their medium. The bilby Some facts about the bilby from the Wildlife Preser vation Society of Australia What is a bilby? A bilby is a shy, nocturnal marsupial, unique to Australia. The Bilby has a very unusual sense of behavior. , length, highlighting behavioural differences between bilbies Krajewski, C. Functional adaptations are internal processes or systems. Adaptation is a trait that enables an organism to live in its environment. Behavioural response. Plus, its IUCN vulnerable status has inspired a creative and festive awareness initiative. Some Adaptations: The torpedo shape of the great white is built for speed: up to 35 miles per hour (50 kilometers per hour). The spines make it harder for its predator e. They use their sharp claws to catch hold of their prey and tear meat from the prey’s body, after it has been killed. Blog. 4. Horns and antlers come in all shapes and sizes, depending on the animal species. 5 kg, while females are lighter and weigh 800 g-1. The earth has several natural environments that are spread across large geographic areas. Its decline coincided with the spread of foxes, which remain a key threat today, along with habitat changes from introduced herbivores (especially rabbits. Behavioural adaptation is recognized as the first and foremost response adopted by animals to reduce heat load (Shilja et al. Migration is one of the most prominent behavioral adaptations in animals. Osmoregulatory adjustments do not appear to be the driving factors, though; instead, they are adaptations that permit a migratory response to other selective forces (e. It has long silky gray fur, a very long snout, long hind legs, and long narrow ears. The way in which an animal behaves is an adaptation, too—a behavioral adaptation . The aim of this project is. Broadly viewed, osmoregulation involves (1) multiple body-to-brain signaling mechanisms reporting the status of total body fluids and of the distribution of fluids in the. Plastic behavioral responses, however, can also be maladaptive. The Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) is a nocturnal marsupial and has long, silky blue-grey fur, ears like a rabbit and a beautiful, bushy black tail with a white tip. Adaptations are many and varied but they are generally grouped into 3 main categories: structural, physiological and behavioural. Structural adaptation relates to the organism’s physical features. The Bilby, when it is hot, burrows down under the soil where it is cool for shelter. Here are some examples. Structural changes are the physical features of an individual, such as an organ bill or a bear fur. They rarely need to drink. , Scally, M. 5. Rijal1, Katsunori Amano2, Teruyuki Saito2, Hikaru Imagawa3, Tomoko Uno4, Kahori Genjo5, Hiroshi Takata6, Kazuyo Tsuzuki7, Takashi Nakaya8, Daisaku Nishina9, Kenichi Hasegawa10, and Taro Mori11 1 Tokyo city. Adaptation. Camouflage, mimicry, and animals’ body parts and coverings are physical adaptations. Bilbies are omnivorous, eating a variety of insects, plants, and small animals. The modification of an organism’s behaviour to help it survive better in a given environment is known as behavioural adaptation. Structural Adaptations. And their adaptation to their environment is the one aspect they are so famous for: the hopping. ” (Rita Cutter, Birriliburu) “We have to save the Bilby because we’ll be saving ourselves and our kids. Example: Hibernation is another. Another possible indicator may be the heat sensitivity, i. The food the Bilby eats include ants, termites, beetles centipedes, grubs and grasshoppers as there are a lot of them throughout the desert. Migration. These adaptations can be broadly categorized into three main types − . They also have a high metabolic rate, which helps to generate heat. Range: Central and North Western Australia. The Bilby has a lifespan of 12-14 years in the wild. An example of a behavioural adaptation in domesticated cows is found in dairy cattle. The overall mortality of An. Adaptation, in biology, the process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment; it is the result of natural selection’s acting upon heritable variation over several generations. Me and the Bilby got one country to go walking. Bilbies are nocturnal animals as they have poor vision in sunlight and good vision at night. E. 1. Bilbies dig their burrows so they are in a spiral shape. 2) long, brush-like tongue in honey possum is structural adaptation. Greater Bilby (Mankarr) Often simply called the bilby, since the extinction of the Lesser Bilby in the middle of last century, Mankarr (as they are known throughout the Western Desert) are an icon of the sandy deserts. The Greater Bilby ( Macrotis lacotis) now only survives in scattered patches amongst the spinifex and mulga of the northern desert areas of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Attack. Bilbies live a very nocturnal life with only coming out to mate. A change or adjustment that results in an organism or species becoming better suited to its environment. But the lesser bilby is thought to have become extinct in the. Adaptations. These include: foraging strategies such as scavenging food from other animals’ kills or preying on smaller mammals like voles; social behaviors such as forming monogamous pairs during. Animal Adaptations Posters. 4. Mary Beth has taught 1st, 4th and 5th grade and has a specialist degree in Educational Leadership. Examples are hibernation, migration, and instincts. Bilby diet. 1, 2023. Females between 29 and 55cm long in body, tail length between 20 –29cm long. Adaptations help an organism survive and/or reproduce in its current environment. , the percentage change in mortality per 1. , and Springer, M. The burrowing bettong was one of the most common. Here are eight bilby facts that will fascinate you. The kaka has a brush tongue to lick sap that oozes from the cuts it makes. Bears often hibernate during frigid periods when food might be scarce. They only come out at night to hunt, scavenge and avoid predators. BILBY Behavioural: Noctural: avoiding predators Digging: avoiding predators, protection from the heat during daytime LargeDOI: 10. An adaptation is a mutation, or genetic change, that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal, survive in its environment. 33% [95% CI 14. The bilby's pouch faces backwards. Adaptations The Greater Bilby have strong fore-limbs that have long claws to assist in digging their burrows and uncovering buried food. Adaptations are Behavioral. The bilby (also known as the rabbit-eared bandicoot) is a rabbit -like marsupial. The greater bilby has a body covered with silvery-blue hair across the back and the top of the head. Migration is one of the most prominent behavioral adaptations in animals. In a predator–prey system where both intervenients come from the same taxon, one can expect a strong selection on behavioural and morphological traits involved in prey capture. Biological processes within the organism. This video is designed for students in grades K to 2. Here we review the relationship between t. A bandicoot is larger in size than a potoroo. Adaption occurs in three ways: Behavioural adaptation relates to the behaviour of the organism. Behavioural adaptations– actions that an organism takes to survive in a specific habitat or environment. How old does a bilby marsupial live? Bilbies are marsupials native to Australia. It benefits the animal by helping them maintain and regulate their temperature. Whether it’s predator or prey, many animals have adaptations to make them run, swim, or fly faster. It also does this to hide from prey and will burrow down lower into the soil if their burrow is under attack from predators. Structural adaptation. The greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis), often referred to simply as the bilby since the lesser bilby (Macrotis leucura) became extinct in the 1950s, is an Aust. Adaptations. adaptations in plants and animals. Structural adaptations. Plus, its IUCN vulnerable status has inspired a creative and festive awareness initiative. The Spines of the Thorny Devil are a Structural Adaptation. The greater bilby (M. Adaptations are the result of evolution. The included articles represented several continents in the world: Asia, 27 articles; Europe, two articles; and Oceania, two. What are the characteristics of bilby? Physical features The bilby is known for its long snout, blue-gray fur, white underbelly, and long, hairless ears that resemble those of. Appearance. Behavioural adaptations. 2°C (28°F) and barely get above +2°C (35. Amazing Adaptations Year 5 *Full day for up to 2 classes Curriculum Focus: Science inquiry; Structural, physiological and behavioural adaptations of plants and animals that help them survive Curriculum Links: Science, HASS (Geography), cross-curriculum priority of and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Histories and CulturesPublished April 18, 2019. There are also several factors influencing these behavioral responses which have been depicted in Fig. We’ve all seen a cat’s eyes glow in the dark or reflect a flash of light. This can refer to both short-term and long-term adaptations, and can include both instinctual behaviors (such as fight or flight responses) and learned behaviors (such. These big-eared, burrowing mammals are in danger of extinction. Greater bilbies aren’t extinct but are endangered in Queensland and listed as vulnerable nationally. Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80! CSIRO Publishing. Polar bears are one of the most iconic animals in the Arctic, and their adaptations to this harsh environment have been remarkable. Sales training: Mastering the art of converting prospects into customersIt is essentially unknown how humans adapt or will adapt to heat stress caused by climate change over a long-term interval. Migration is one of the most prominent behavioral adaptations in animals. As well as increasing the survival rate of the species and allowing it. They usually eat meals during the night as they are nocturnal so they cannot be seen. Adult males weigh up to 2. The challenges of Behavioural AdaptationsBehavioural and physiological adaptations to heat in the koala (2013–2017) Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. An instinct is a behavioral adaption with which an animal is born. Often seen as ordinary, the particular day or night a species sleeps is also a type of behavioural adaptation. 2. Classify your new species You will need to consider the physical conditions of the environment and the adaptations that your species will need to survive. Later, feathers became longer and stiffer, allowing for gliding and then for flight. Adaptation does not include an organism. 2: 593–602. Many animals show unique morphological and behavioural adaptations to desert extremes, while others are able to avoid these by behavioural means. Over. g. , Bilby, C. The cheetah’s incredible speed is made possible by a number of structural adaptations, including a lightweight skeleton, long legs and large heart. They descend into these burrows to escape the heat. Despite numerous evidence in vertebrates for divergence in behavioural traits and stress responses between urban and rural populations, little is known about the evolutionary implications of such urban-linked shifts (but see Lambert et al. One of its favourite plant foods is the bush onion or yalka which grows in desert sand plains after fires. By intensively studying a population of bilbies both prior to, and following reintroduction, and subsequent reinforcements to a fenced sanctuary, I aimed to (1) advance knowledge of bilby. These are things that animals do to survive in their environment. What are the physiological adaptations of a bilby? 1. The cheetah’s skeleton is. The final block, identical to the first, was used to probe the participants’ behavioural adaptation to the transformation through the presence of an aftereffect. Other behaviours and adaptations For daytime shelter, the bilby constructs a deep and long burrow system. Books. 8 ft). The bilby Some facts about the bilby from the Wildlife Preser vation Society of Australia What is a bilby? A bilby is a shy, nocturnal marsupial, unique to Australia. As bilbies are strong and talented diggers, their main form of protection lies in their burrows, and more specifically the way they build them. These can occur in populations within one or a few generations. they keep to them selves The Bilby has a very unusual sense of behavior. 1. Wild Geese migrating. Role: Responsible for the changes in behaviors and the way in which members of a species act. adaptation definition: 1. A greater bilby (also known as the greater rabbit-eared bandicoot) can measure 33. Horses kept in stables often display a range of abnormal behaviours related to lack of control over their. LEARNING. The fish were directly transported to the Field Station Grietherbusch of the University of Cologne. For example, bird calls and migration are behavioral adaptations. Image credit: AAP Image. Behavioural adaptation-movement in plants and behaviours in animals that helps them survive in different environmental conditions. At the time of European colonisation of Australia, there were two species. Predict a. Their hooded heads help them collect water in the form of dew and to also impress mates. 2013d), but also in bumblebees (Reber et al. Both structural and behavioral adaptations usually make life easier for the organism. Behavioural responses are typically faster than genetic, evolutionary adaptations, and we therefore expect changes in behaviour to be prominent in response to anthropogenic changes. A possible indicator of adaptation may be the minimum mortality temperature (MMT), which is defined as the mean daily temperature at which the lowest mortality occurs. When a puma is ready to attack, its uses its strong hind legs to pounce at its prey. A behavioural adaptation is a change to the way an animal acts which gives it the best chance to thrive in its habitat. Structural- in which a feature of their physical body changes, usually over millions of years. 9 and 11. 5 m (9. As cities expand to accommodate a growing human population, their impacts to natural ecosystems and the wildlife residing within them increase. Osmoregulation. There are many types of adaptation a platypus has in order to work optimally in their environment. See the teachers guide for detailed information on the purpose and use of this resource. Charlton, in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Animal Vocalization, 2021 Peramelemorphia. Warning signals. The bilby has a long tongue to help it when feeding on fungi, root bulbs and insect larvae it finds in arid areas. A behavioral adaptation giraffes make when they drink water is to gulp it. In the SBS, five polar bears sampled at intervals of 8–11 days exhibited mass changes of −10–16%, with changes in lean mass of −7–4% and in fat mass of −9–12% (Pagano et al. Evaluations of behavioural change in climate change adaptation. The Bilby, when it is hot, burrows down under the soil where it is cool for shelter. They’re now one of Australia’s most at-risk animals with only 20 per cent of their former habitat remaining. 4 inches long. They are adapted to remain submerged for up to two minutes. Example: Birds fly south in the winter because they can find more food. Wild Geese migrating. 6. The species' average head and body length is 22 inches (55. 5. Reply; Behavioral adaptation is an organism's ability to modify its behavior in response to changes in its environment. 5. Material and Methods. 2. Behavioural adaptations include nomadism (Dean , 2004), the use of shelters to avoid the heat of the da y (Maclean , 1996) and nocturnal courtship displays (Jensen ,1. Welcome to Adaptations (physical and behavioral) with Mr. Optical adaptations for dim-light conditionsBehavioral adaptations are based on how an organism acts to help it survive in its habitat. So when. Mammals have evolved a complex set of mechanisms that maintain extracellular fluid osmolality within a narrow range to preserve cellular function. Diet: Omnivore. Bilby Adaptations Bilby in nocturnal exhibit. 2. The behavioral adaptation definition is an adaptation or change in the behavior of an organism that allows it to survive instead of a change in structure/physical makeup. Compared to bandicoots, they have a longer tail, bigger ears, and softer, silky fur. The Bilby ( Macrotis lagotis) is a nocturnal marsupial and has long, silky blue-grey fur, ears like a rabbit and a beautiful, bushy black tail with a white tip. Lesson Transcript. Structural – a feature of an organism’s body that helps it to survive/reproduce. E. . The plan aims to halt decline and support recovery of the Greater Bilby and provides for the research and management actions necessary to. 3. 30, 2023. In southwest Queensland, feral cat numbers increase significantly in response to favourable environmental conditions and levels of predation on bilbies also increase as other prey sources (e. All bilbies have long snouts with sensitive whiskers. There are three primary adaptations which includes structural, behavioural and physiologica l. e. (-2°C is the freezing level of seawater, under zero due to the salt). Behavioral adaptation is a fascinating aspect of the natural world, and one creature that has mastered this skill is the mighty lion. Instinctually, we sleep at night and eat, work. Deserts can be hot or cold places. The bilby, like all bandicoots, is a nocturnal animal (most active at night). Conditions such as a full moon, heavy rain or strong wind may result in. These can be to do with their physical appearance - structural adaptations - or they can be behavioural adaptations, which. Unpredictable aversive experiences, or stressors, lead to changes in depression- and anxiety-related behavior and to changes in hippocampal structure including decreases in adult neurogenesis, granule cell and pyramidal cell dendritic morphology, and volume. The fur of the marsupial is soft and silky, colored with blue-grey and exhibiting thin, tan colored patches. The natural disasters you can choose. 5 pounds! Though their fur is about the same. You might, for example, have kids build clay models of different animals and show them interacting–an owl chasing a bilby, the bilby digging a tunnel, or a bilby gathering seeds. 4. One of the most unique features of the platypus is its duck bill. Example: Migration of birds are behavioral adaptations. Figure [Math Processing Error] 10. Bilbies are also known as Rabbit-Eared Bandicoots. Based on the reproductive rate of the bilby and historical source of the population of bilbies at Arid Recovery, we assumed that this. In addition to these physical features, they also. Structural (or morphological) adaptations are the physical features of the organism. Structural adaptation. Adaptations for digging in the forelimb muscle anatomy of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) and bilby (Macrotis lagotis) January 2013 Australian Journal of Zoology 61(5)Between 2016-2018, AWC reintroduced 56 Bilbies to Mt Gibson Wildlife Sanctuary. Why does the leafy sea dragon have different adaptations to the Bilby? - Both species have different adaptations due to the different environment and conditions they endure. 5 kg or more. Behavioural Adaptations — Actions of an organism that enable them to survive in their environment (e. We’ll get you noticed. Adaptations 1: Defining adaptations. Bats choose to hunt at night to avoid potential _____. But, unlike its larger cousin, yallara didn’t survive the onslaught of cats and. Name two of the koala’s adaptive traits. Organisms are enhanced in many ways from various structural, physiological and behavioural adaptations; these adaptations benefit an organism in a large amount of ways. There are three primary adaptations which includes structural, behavioural and physiologica l. R. Behavioural Adaptations — Actions of an organism that enable them to survive in their environment (e. 7 g) were caught by beach seining in a gravel pit lake near the city of Rees (51°46′N, 6°20′E), Germany. It has a grey and white silky coat, long, sensitive ears and a pink pointed nose. Behavioral adaptations are mostly learned, not inherited. To test if cat activity at bilby burrows was influenced by the moon phase, we fitted a GLM with a Tweedie link to the number of independent cat detections as the dependent variable, with lunar illumination (0 as a new moon, and 1 as a full moon extracted of each day of monitoring using the “lunar” package; Lazaridis 2014), bilby activity. What is Adaptation – The process which enables organisms to adjust to their environment in order to ensure survival. How to always look your best when presenting; Oct. Physiological Adaptations. Easy. & P. The bilby’s decline is due to habitat destruction and feral species such as foxes and cats. An adaptation is a change in a physical or behavioral characteristic that has developed to allow an animal to better survive in its environment. Bilbies belong to a group of animals called marsupials . Evolutionary, molecular and comparative zoology. Wild Geese migrating. This diet helps them to survive in arid. Remind the class of the difference between physical and behavioral adaptations. Feathers were probably first adaptations for tactile sense or regulating temperature. The lesser bilby became extinct in the 1950s; the greater bilby survives but remains endangered. The platypus has many interesting features. National 4; Adaptations Behavioural adaptations. Encourage creativity and interaction. L. After watching this video you will be able to: Identify physical adaptations of the right whale, clouded leopard, and barred owl. For example, skin coverings (hair, feather, fur, scales), coloring and texture are structural adaptations. The definition of adaptation is: Adaptation in biology is the evolutionary process or features that allow an organism to have higher fitness in its environment. A lion preying upon a zebra and a bird building a nest are examples of instincts. Sample Answers. What are the adaptations of a bilby? The bilby’s tail is black with a white tip and a tuft of long, white hairs. We propose a model of an adaptive individual that contemplates two forces: on the one hand the individual bene. 8 inches), and, although rather slenderly built, weighing up to 2. They may use the burrow as a temporary shelter during the heat of the day or as a long-term survival technique. Animals adaptations are features or skills which help animals survive in their habitat. Their underside and a streak across the flank is white. What Is Adaptation — The process which enables organisms to adjust to their environment in order to ensure survival. They have a thick layer of fur that insulates them from the cold and reduces heat loss. The stressed animals attempt to ameliorate the negative effects of direct heat. Bilbies are. Environmental dynamicity, voluntary or compelled shifting of habitat, and human activities may put organisms in a new niche or in environmental stresses or pressures. Behavioral adaptations are the things organisms do to survive. Greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis) have been described as ecosystem engineers and their burrows are significant structures across an often featureless and harsh arid landscape. Morphological adaptations to the subterranean environment have been studied in much greater details than behavioural adaptations with examples of convergent evolution in a number of traits. He also has bigger canine teeth and a larger forehead. (1886). Donations of $2 or more are tax deductible. Lions are known for their impressive ability to adapt their behaviour to survive in various environments and overcome challenges. The crescent-tailed wallaby, the desert bandicoot, and the Lake Mackay hare-wallaby vanished around the same time. Long Tongue The Bilby has a long tongue so it can reach its food that might be up. Bilbies live a very nocturnal life with only coming out to mate. Responses to coldness include increased activity, increased clothing, a closed posture, cuddling up, heating the room, finding a warmer place, closing windows, avoiding. BEEN. They are marsupials found only in Australia. Occupancy of these distinct niches appears related to subtle physiological and behavioural adaptations which, in turn, correspond to significant differences in the social behaviours and emergent social. Bilby populations are crashing across Australia, and the Kimberley could be the last place where they occur in relatively healthy numbers. Other adaptations are behavioral. In the broadest sense, this area, where life exists, is called the. Adaptation refers to the process of changing behavior in response to a variation in the environment. Subscribe: #AnimalAdaptations #Top5Com. The Greater Bilby have strong fore-limbs that have long claws to assist in digging their burrows and uncovering buried food. The koala has feet well-adapted for their life in the trees. Animals respond to environmental changes by altering their behaviour. In evolutionary theory, adaptation is the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment. Diet. Greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis) have been described as ecosystem engineers and their burrows are significant structures across an often featureless and harsh arid landscape. Prior to these translocations, Bilbies had been absent in NSW. The list of behavioural adaptations is endless. This is the page of the Bilby’s Behavioural Adaptations. Predators have speed adaptations to help them catch prey, and of course, the prey also has adaptations to outrun and escape predators. Spinifex plains in the Simpson Desert, once home of the Lesser Bilby. Adaptations for Speed. Effect of sensory adaptations for routine dental care in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a preliminary study. True | False 2. Stalking is a hunting technique involving slow and quiet while approaching prey, taking advantage of cover and terrain to remain hidden, keeping their. 5kg. Regardless of the type, all adaptations make. Greater bilby pits become “fertile patches” in the Australian desert where some seeds are provided the extra fertilization to germinate in an otherwise extremely difficult environment. Bilbies also eat seeds,. This document constitutes the national Recovery Plan for the Greater Bilby (Macrotis lagotis), made under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Combined physiological and behavioural responses to salt loads during development have rarely been studied in air-breathing vertebrates able to inhabit hypersaline habitats, but they may be of particular importance in understanding, for example, the differences among species in patterns of habitat use or ontogenetic diet switches. 2. Sharp claws are also. A marsupial is an animal that carries its young in a pouch. Greater bilbies once roamed 70 per cent of Australia. Students in Years 5 to 8 will be highly engaged in this unit covering the structural and behavioural adaptations of animals focusing on deep sea creatures and design. Weight: Up to 2. For Discussion and Critical Thinking: The koala has adaptive traits that help it survive in its Australian eucalyptus forests. National 4; Learned behaviour in response to stimuli Behavioural adaptations. Plants have many structural and physiological adaptations to survive fire events, with some even relying on fire for their reproduction! Download the ‘Plant Adaptations to Fire’ Spotto Card showcasing each of these adaptations. Physiological – a body process that helps an organism to survive/reproduce. Adaptations are the result of evolution. Burrows. Here are a few of the ways that New Zealand birds have adapted their behaviour to suit a particular habitat: The kiwi is a nocturnal bird. Osmoregulation refers to the physiological processes that maintain a fixed concentration of cell membrane-impermeable molecules and ions in the fluid that surrounds cells. True | False 3.